| Home
Reading List / Curriculum
Online Courses
Naval Year In Review
Archive
Search
Naval Links
FAQ
Reviews
Contact Us

|
|
|
|
Archive January - December 2007
| Friday, December 21, 2007
|
|
|
|
NOSI is taking a short holiday break and will next update on December 31st. See you then!
|
| Posted on 12/21/07; 4:41:32 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
American Interest - Robert D. Kaplan writes "Some truths are so obvious that to mention them in polite company seems either pointless or rude. What is left unstated, however, can with time be forgotten. Both of these observations apply today to the American way of war. It is obvious that a military can only fight well on behalf of a society in which it believes, and that a society which believes little is worth fighting for cannot, in the end, field an effective military. Obvious as this is, we seem to have forgotten it."
|
| Posted on 12/21/07; 4:40:35 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Thursday, December 20, 2007
|
|
|
|
Virginian Pilot - The San Antonio broke the mold for amphibious ships but came with plenty broken, too. About $840 million over budget and plagued by design and construction flaws, it finally has been cleared for deployment.
|
| Posted on 12/20/07; 3:42:15 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Florida Times-Union - One quarter of the Navy's P-3C Orions are grounded after it was determined that these particular aircraft are likely to develop cracks in the trailing edge of the wing between the engines.
|
| Posted on 12/20/07; 3:38:30 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Wednesday, December 19, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - Bill Sweetman notes that the roll-out of the first Lockheed Martin F-35B is a milestone in the development of a runway-free supersonic fighter. But it does raise a huge question: what is it for?
|
| Posted on 12/19/07; 2:58:54 PM Edit
|
|
|
| Tuesday, December 18, 2007
|
|
|
|
BBC - Japan has for the first time shot down a ballistic missile in flight, testing a defence system aimed at warding off any missile threat from its neighbours.
|
| Posted on 12/18/07; 5:32:20 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Monday, December 17, 2007
|
|
|
|
Washington Post - The U.S. Navy is adopting more aggressive tactics to counter piracy off the coast of Somalia, helping last week to make the area free of captured vessels for the first time since February, according to a senior U.S. Navy commander in the region.
|
| Posted on 12/17/07; 3:18:17 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Sunday, December 16, 2007
|
|
|
|
Foreign Affairs - Pundits, academics, and Bush bashers insist that the United States is losing ground in Asia, but they are wrong. The Bush administration's Asia policy has been an unheralded success. Improved relations with China, stronger U.S.-Japanese cooperation, North Korea's gradual nuclear disarmament, and expanding regional alliances have made Asia more prosperous and secure than it has been in decades.
|
| Posted on 12/16/07; 2:43:54 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Saturday, December 15, 2007
|
|
|
|
Wired - Is the emphasis on network-centric warfare the cause of the United States' problems in Iraq?
|
| Posted on 12/15/07; 5:21:35 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Friday, December 14, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - The Russian carrier Kuznetsov starts a cruise which will take the ship and its consorts through the Mediterranean.
|
| Posted on 12/14/07; 3:00:30 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Thursday, December 13, 2007
|
|
|
|
New York Times - Michael Gordon writes that a growing number of Sunni insurgents have relocated to Mosul and other places in northern Iraq.
|
| Posted on 12/13/07; 2:44:11 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Wednesday, December 12, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - The U.S. Navy has given its final approval for Lockheed Martin to proceed with the integration and shipboard installation of the world's first, fully-open architecture Aegis weapon system for a major surface warship.
|
| Posted on 12/12/07; 2:59:04 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Washington Post - Thomas Ricks writes that former top Pentagon official Douglas Feith blamed the Bush administration's top official in Iraq for abandoning a plan for a quick transition to Iraqi leadership in the summer of 2003 and instead keeping the U.S. government in control of the country for more than a year.
|
| Posted on 12/12/07; 2:57:40 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Tuesday, December 11, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - South Africa is suffering from a critical shortage of qualified navy personnel because it cannot afford to pay them, thereby paralysing its brand new submarines
|
| Posted on 12/11/07; 1:54:48 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Monday, December 10, 2007
|
|
|
|
Vanity Fair - A strategic passage wanted by the Taliban and al-Qaeda, Afghanistanís Korengal Valley is among the deadliest pieces of terrain in the world for U.S. forces. One platoon is considered the tip of the American spear. Its men spend their days in a surreal combination of backbreaking labor-building outposts on rocky ridges-and deadly firefights, while they try to avoid the mistakes the Russians made. Sebastian Junger and photographer Tim Hetherington join the platoonís painfully slow advance, as its soldiers laugh, swear, and run for cover, never knowing which of them wonít make it home.
|
| Posted on 12/10/07; 5:42:05 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - From 29 November to 4 December a virtual frigate (which looks remarkably like the yet-to-be-built Franco-Italian FREMM) called in on Second Life which could be visited 24 hours a day and where youngsters could meet virtual sailors who would answer questions about the jobs and careers they might have if they joined the French Navy.
|
| Posted on 12/9/07; 4:29:44 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Foreign Affairs - After 60 years of U.S. domination, the balance of power in Northeast Asia is shifting. The United States is in relative decline, China is on the rise, and Japan and South Korea are in flux. To maintain U.S. power in the region, Washington must identify the trends shaping this transition and embrace new tools and regimes that broaden the United States' power base.
|
| Posted on 12/9/07; 4:29:21 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Saturday, December 8, 2007
|
|
|
|
The Australian - A look at submarine rescue exercises in the Pacific.
|
| Posted on 12/8/07; 4:12:50 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reuters - Russia said on Wednesday it would start the first major navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet times, the latest move by an increasingly assertive Moscow to demonstrate its military might.
|
| Posted on 12/7/07; 2:58:20 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
New York Times - Senior Pentagon and military officials said Wednesday that Defense Secretary Robert Gates had decided against a proposal to shift Marine Corps forces from Iraq to take the lead in American operations in Afghanistan.
|
| Posted on 12/7/07; 2:57:11 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Thursday, December 6, 2007
|
|
|
|
New Straits Times - The Royal Malaysian Navy is looking at acquiring the capability of protecting its two Scorpene diesel-electric submarines.
|
| Posted on 12/6/07; 4:22:39 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Wednesday, December 5, 2007
|
|
|
|
Reuters - U.S. and German navy ships have cornered Somali pirates who seized a Japanese-owned chemical tanker more than a month ago and are demanding a ransom.
|
| Posted on 12/5/07; 3:22:46 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Tuesday, December 4, 2007
|
|
|
|
Washington Post - Thomas Ricks reports a small group of U.S. military experts and intelligence officials convened in Washington for a classified war game last year, exploring strategies for securing Pakistan's nuclear arsenal if the country's political institutions and military safeguards began to fall apart.
|
| Posted on 12/4/07; 4:06:51 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Novosti -Iran's Navy commissioned Wednesday a domestically designed and produced light submarine featuring extended stealth capability and strong firepower.
|
| Posted on 12/3/07; 4:21:12 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Associated Press - The amphibious assault ship USS Kearsarge was performing maritime security operations off the coast of Somalia when Tropical Cyclone Sidr hit southwestern Bangladesh. The ship rushed toward south Asia, traveling 3,000 miles over five days and reaching the Bangladesh coast on Nov. 22, to begin helping thousands of people left hungry, homeless and without clean water. The storm killed more than 3,200 people.
|
| Posted on 12/3/07; 4:19:59 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Washington Post - The Army likes to brag that it's got a significant navy of its own -- even if there isn't a destroyer or aircraft carrier in it.
|
| Posted on 12/3/07; 4:17:45 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Daily Telegraph - The Royal Navy can no longer fight a major war because of years of under funding and cutbacks, a leaked Whitehall report has revealed.
|
| Posted on 12/2/07; 6:56:52 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Foreign Affairs - The United States now spends almost as much on defense in real dollars as it ever has before -- even though it has no plausible rationale for using most of its impressive military forces. Why? Because without political incentives for restraint, policymakers have lost the ability to think clearly about defense policy. Washington's new mantra should be "Half a trillion dollars is more than enough."
|
| Posted on 12/2/07; 6:48:32 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Saturday, December 1, 2007
|
|
|
|
Wall Street Journal - An inside look at the US Army's new Afghanistan Counterinsurgency Academy.
|
| Posted on 12/1/07; 4:20:04 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
New York Times - China blocked the visit of a U.S. aircraft carrier battle group and other American warships to Hong Kong last week in retaliation for the Bush administration's proposed upgrading of Taiwan's Patriot antimissile batteries, the state media reported Thursday.
|
| Posted on 12/1/07; 4:19:43 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Friday, November 30, 2007
|
|
|
|
The Atlantic - Robert Kaplan says that quelling anarchy in Iraq, Pakistan, and elsewhere, will require building on tribal loyalties-not imposing democracy from the top down
|
| Posted on 11/30/07; 6:50:46 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Thursday, November 29, 2007
|
|
|
|
BBC - The US has formally protested to China over its refusal to allow a number of US ships to dock in Hong Kong.
|
| Posted on 11/29/07; 5:37:42 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Wednesday, November 28, 2007
|
|
|
|
The Atlantic - Robert Kaplan says the creation of AFRICOM, the U.S. military's new Africa Command, offers the hope of steady, low-key progress in the war on terror.
|
| Posted on 11/28/07; 5:25:42 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Tuesday, November 27, 2007
|
|
|
|
BBC - Helicopters from the USS Kearsarge have begun delivering relief supplies to survivors of the devastating cyclone that hit southern Bangladesh 10 days ago.
|
| Posted on 11/27/07; 5:06:40 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Monday, November 26, 2007
|
|
|
|
Los Angeles Times - Robert Kaplan on how low-cost, low-risk operations such as those in Colombia and the Philippines show what the U.S. can achieve.
|
| Posted on 11/26/07; 2:57:58 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Sunday, November 25, 2007
|
|
|
|
Foreign Affairs - The rise of a democratic and increasingly powerful India is a positive development for U.S. interests. Rarely has the United States shared so many interests and values with a growing power as we do today with India. By reaching out to India, we have made the bet that the future lies in pluralism, democracy, and market economics.
|
| Posted on 11/25/07; 4:58:01 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Saturday, November 24, 2007
|
|
|
|
The Atlantic - Robert Kaplan on the new U.S. collaborative plan for policing the seas
|
| Posted on 11/24/07; 4:42:12 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Friday, November 23, 2007
|
|
|
|
Associated Press - The top U.S. military commander in the Pacific said he's "perplexed and concerned" by China's last-minute decision to deny a U.S. aircraft carrier entry to Hong Kong for a previously scheduled port visit.
|
| Posted on 11/23/07; 4:11:45 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Thursday, November 22, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - Its origins date back to the 1970s. Yet the U.S. Navy's Lockheed Martin-built Aegis weapon system will have to soldier on well into the 2030s. The arrival of the Aegis-equipped Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Bunker Hill (CG 52) at BAE Systems San Diego Ship Repair, Calif., will herald a major renovation for this most widely-used naval combat system in service today.
|
| Posted on 11/22/07; 2:41:52 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Wednesday, November 21, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - Sweden is going ahead with a plan to replace its current signal intelligence (Sigint) vessel, the 1,400-ton HMS Orion (A 201) built in the 1980s, with the much larger, 3,600-ton HMS Carlskrona (M 04) that is to be converted from its current role as a training ship to a Sigint platform.
|
| Posted on 11/21/07; 3:27:43 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Tuesday, November 20, 2007
|
|
|
|
New Yorker - Jon Lee Anderson writes that the American military finds new allies, but at what cost?
|
| Posted on 11/20/07; 3:19:16 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Monday, November 19, 2007
|
|
|
|
New York Times - Over the past six years, the Bush administration has spent almost $100 million on a highly classified program to help Gen. Pervez Musharraf, Pakistanís president, secure his countryís nuclear weapons...But with the future of that countryís leadership in doubt, debate is intensifying about whether Washington has done enough to help protect the warheads and laboratories, and whether Pakistanís reluctance to reveal critical details about its arsenal has undercut the effectiveness of the continuing security effort.
|
| Posted on 11/19/07; 3:29:15 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Sunday, November 18, 2007
|
|
|
|
Foreign Affairs - It can, but only if U.S. officials start to think clearly about what success in the war on terror would actually look like. Victory will come only when Washington succeeds in discrediting the terrorists' ideology and undermining their support. These achievements, in turn, will require accepting that the terrorist threat can never be eradicated completely and that acting as though it can will only make it worse.
|
| Posted on 11/18/07; 2:21:47 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Saturday, November 17, 2007
|
|
|
|
Daily Telegraph - The US-led coalition is building a permanent security base on Iraq's oil pumping platforms in the Gulf to act as the "nerve centre" of efforts to protect the country's most vital strategic asset.
|
| Posted on 11/17/07; 3:49:25 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Friday, November 16, 2007
|
|
|
|
Washington Post - Thomas Ricks writes that senior military commanders in Iraq now portray the intransigence of Iraq's Shiite-dominated government as the key threat facing the U.S. effort in Iraq, rather than al-Qaeda terrorists, Sunni insurgents or Iranian-backed militias.
|
| Posted on 11/16/07; 5:26:23 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Tuesday, November 13, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - A British Defense Ministry decision to halt air-to-air refueling of its Nimrod MR2 maritime patrol and surveillance aircraft will almost certainly curtail the aircraftís operational availability in Afghanistan and Iraq.
|
| Posted on 11/13/07; 5:28:11 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Monday, November 12, 2007
|
|
|
|
Armed Forces Journal - The new U.S. maritime strategy to be unveiled this fall is expected to fill the lack of a clear and well-articulated vision of the role of U.S. maritime forces in defense and protection of the national interests at sea and of those of its allies and other friendly nations. However, the lack of sound theory and doctrine for the employment of maritime forces at the operational level of war might pose some serious limitations and ultimately doom the execution of the new U.S. maritime strategy.
|
| Posted on 11/12/07; 3:56:21 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Sunday, November 11, 2007
|
|
|
|
Foreign Affairs - Over the past decade, Burma has gone from being an antidemocratic embarrassment and humanitarian disaster to being a serious threat to its neighbors' security. The international community must change its approach to the country's junta.
|
| Posted on 11/11/07; 4:31:13 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Saturday, November 10, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - Germany is deploying two fast patrol boats to augment the U.N.ís naval force off Lebanon.
|
| Posted on 11/10/07; 3:56:50 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
IEEE Spectrum - Terrorists are leveraging information technology to organize, recruit, and learnóand the West is struggling to keep up.
|
| Posted on 11/9/07; 4:22:58 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Thursday, November 8, 2007
|
|
|
|
Esquire - Two former high-ranking policy experts from the Bush administration say the U.S. has been gearing up for a war with Iran for years, despite claiming otherwise. It'll be Iraq all over again.
|
| Posted on 11/8/07; 2:33:25 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Wednesday, November 7, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - Both landing platform dock (LPD) ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN), HrMs Johan de Witt (L 801) and Rotterdam (L 800) are en-route to an area southwest of England today for the first exercise of the NLMARFOR one-star battle staff using the command facilities on the new, yet-to-be-commissioned, Johan de Witt.
|
| Posted on 11/7/07; 4:13:44 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Tuesday, November 6, 2007
|
|
|
|
Washington Post - Ahmed Rashid comments that President Pervez Musharraf's declaration of emergency rule this weekend will only encourage further civil strife, nationwide protests and greater territorial gains by the extremist Pakistani Taliban.
|
| Posted on 11/6/07; 2:30:27 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
BBC - Pirates have freed a Taiwanese vessel and its crew, kidnapped almost six months ago off the coast of Somalia.
|
| Posted on 11/6/07; 2:28:55 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Associated Press - The U.S. Navy said it had begun a series of exercises in the Gulf and wider Gulf waters on Friday involving a U.S aircraft carrier and two expeditionary assault ships.
|
| Posted on 11/5/07; 3:20:04 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Defense and the National Interest - William Lind asks what is the role of the navy in Fourth Generation Warfare.
|
| Posted on 11/5/07; 3:18:19 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
New Yorker - A very interesting look at one eco-warrior's wild crusade to save the oceans.
|
| Posted on 11/4/07; 4:09:57 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Saturday, November 3, 2007
|
|
|
|
Associated Press - The U.S. Navy on Friday kept its eye on a Japanese tanker taken over by pirates off Somalia's coast.
|
| Posted on 11/3/07; 3:22:18 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - The Norwegian Chief of Defense is to present his proposal for the country's next multi-year defense plan on Monday Nov. 5 -- and the Skjold-class program to acquire six super-fast (60-kt.) littoral combat craft is expected to be one of the main casualties.
|
| Posted on 11/3/07; 3:21:13 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
American Legion - Raph Peters writes that "Unaware of the cost of freedom and served by leaders without military expertise, Americans have started to believe whatever's comfortable."
|
| Posted on 11/3/07; 3:18:52 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Daily Telegraph - HMS Illustrious will be deployed in the Gulf next spring.
|
| Posted on 11/2/07; 3:12:13 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Thursday, November 1, 2007
|
|
|
|
BBC - At least two people have been killed in a clash between the Nigerian navy and suspected militants in the oil-rich Niger Delta.
|
| Posted on 11/1/07; 2:30:11 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Wednesday, October 31, 2007
|
| Tuesday, October 30, 2007
|
|
|
|
CNN - A U.S. destroyer has entered Somali territorial waters in pursuit of a Japanese-owned ship loaded with benzene that was hijacked by pirates over the weekend, military officials said Monday.
|
| Posted on 10/30/07; 1:48:40 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Economist - Irregular warfare may keep Western armies busy for decades. They will have to adapt if they are to overcome the odds that history suggests they are up against.
|
| Posted on 10/30/07; 1:42:15 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Economist - Western armies are good at destroying things. Can they be made better at building them?
|
| Posted on 10/29/07; 1:47:13 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
MercoPress - Battling her way through 800 miles of ferocious seas between the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, the Royal Navy Atlantic South patrol and an auxiliary vessel carried out this month a disaster relief exercise based around a typical South Atlantic cruise vessel visiting South Georgia and which supposedly had ran aground in deteriorating weather.
|
| Posted on 10/29/07; 1:46:21 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Air Force - The Navy plans to build many more flattops, and they wonít be "Gary Hart carriers."
|
| Posted on 10/28/07; 1:59:30 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Saturday, October 27, 2007
|
|
|
|
Charlie Rose - An hour interview with Counterinsurgency expert David Kilcullen.
|
| Posted on 10/27/07; 2:16:56 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Associated Press - Cmdr. Michael B. Portland of the submarine USS Hampton was relieved of duty after a U.S. Navy investigation found the ship failed to do daily safety checks on its nuclear reactor for a month and falsified records to cover up the omission.
|
| Posted on 10/26/07; 2:36:36 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Defense and the National Interest - William Lind analyses the Marines' proposal to focus their operations in Afghanistan.
|
| Posted on 10/26/07; 2:33:07 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Thursday, October 25, 2007
|
|
|
|
Associated Press - The Navyís mainstay Arleigh Burke destroyers are subject to structural damage under higher-than-anticipated loads in rough seas, necessitating nearly $60 million in upgrades for the entire class of ships.
|
| Posted on 10/25/07; 3:12:47 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Wednesday, October 24, 2007
|
|
|
|
Mother Jones - Colonel H.R. McMaster on the current state of affairs in Iraq.
|
| Posted on 10/24/07; 2:28:57 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Tuesday, October 23, 2007
|
|
|
|
Mother Jones - An interview with Lt. Col. John Nagl on Iraq.
|
| Posted on 10/23/07; 1:21:04 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
New York Times - For most of human history, the Arctic Ocean has been an ice-locked frontier. But now, in one of the most concrete signs of the effect of a warming climate on government operations, the U.S. Coast Guard is planning its first operating base there as a way of dealing with the cruise ships and the tankers that are already beginning to ply Arctic waters.
|
| Posted on 10/22/07; 4:26:04 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mother Jones - An interview with General Zinni on the current state of affairs in Iraq.
|
| Posted on 10/22/07; 4:23:30 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Esquire - Thomas P.M. Barnett asks: In the lives of men and nations, either you are growing or you're dying. In our time, the Soviet Union imploded, China is adding back lost colonies, and Europe is now the European Union. So why did the United States stop growing? And what will our next five states be?
|
| Posted on 10/21/07; 1:49:52 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Saturday, October 20, 2007
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - Another look at life aboard Tonnerre, France's new bâtiments de protection et de commandement.
|
| Posted on 10/20/07; 3:09:21 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Defense Technology International - NATO's Noble Midas major naval exercise in the Adriatic sea ended on 16th October and, according to Commodore Alain Hinden of the French navy who commanded the 9,400 people and 50 ships (of which just one, the submarine USS Annapolis, was from the US Navy) which took part, it all ìwent remarkably well,î and was proof that a large naval HQ can function from aboard a ship.
The exercise was commanded from aboard the French Navy's Tonnerre landing helicopter dock -- the new-born sister ship of the Mistral having been delivered to the navy on 1st August ñ the first time such a large HQ (240 computer terminals) has been assembled aboard a ship.
|
| Posted on 10/19/07; 2:26:23 AM Edit
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aviation Week - Top leaders of Britain's Royal Navy are "tearing their hair out" in frustration that they can't "get the message across" that the maritime service is playing a crucial role in ongoing, seemingly land-locked operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.
|
| Posted on 10/19/07; 2:24:24 AM Edit
|
|
|
| Thursday, October 18, 2007
|
|
|
|
Washington Post - The U.S. military unveiled a new maritime strategy today -- its first created jointly by the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard -- shifting from a narrow focus on sea combat toward one that also emphasizes the use of "soft power" to counter terrorism and deliver humanitarian assistance.
|
| Posted on 10/18/07; 3:18:17 AM Edit
|
|
|
|